Fake contrast

Fake contrast is a feature of the original vanilla Doom engine, which consists in making walls oriented parallel to the East-West axis brighter, while walls parallel to the North-South axis are darker. The aim of fake contrast is to help accentuate the angles in the map's geometry, because with the simple lighting system of the Doom engine (ambient omnidirectional light, no shadows) and the low-resolution paletted textures, the angles could seem flat in rooms.

The system, however, is not perfect. It only works for orthogonal geometry, even though getting free of the orthogonality constraint present in older raycaster engines (such as Wolfenstein 3-D) was one of the main points of the Doom engine. The relatively steep difference detracts from it as well, and has even been perceived as a bug.

Doomsday and ZDoom feature options to completely disable fake contrast or to make it gradually change with wall orientation.

Technical details
In vanilla, it corresponds to a part of the functions and  in r_segs.c, specifically code segments like this: The vanilla engine has 16 light levels corresponding to the 256 light values, so increasing or decreasing lightnum as done here corresponds to increasing or decreasing the effective sector light for the wall by 16. A perfectly "horizontal" wall is brightened, while a perfectly "vertical" one is darkened; every other wall uses the light level of the front sector.

Trivia
The idea for fake contrast predates Doom. In Wolfenstein 3D, since the engine does not handle different light levels, the same effect is instead replicated by having each texture in two version: one bright and one dark.